A Review of Qualitative Research on Teenage Smoking Habits

A Review of Qualitative Research on Teenage Smoking Habits Grand Canyon University: NRS-433V-O103 Introduction to Nursing Research September 20, 2012 Introduction The motivation behind this archive is to sum up the substance of the examination article, clarify the exploration techniques executed, and offer knowledge on how the discoveries add to nursing practice. Second, there will be a clarification of moral contemplations related with the direct of nursing research. At last, the source report, â€Å"What Determines Teenagers' Smoking Behavior? : A Qualitative Study† will be connected for audit. SummaryThe articles object was to consider smoking conduct among Malaysian teenagers. The particular zones of intrigue included: smoking commencement, cigarette utilization, aim to quit smoking, and endeavors to quit smoking. The primary phase of teenager smoking conduct starts with easygoing experimentation and is trailed by the support stage when ordinary custom smoking is available . The future reliance on smoking can be anticipated by the individual’s activities during experimentation with cigarettes. Interest, peer pressure, and parental smoking were completely detailed reasons that adolescents chose to attempt cigarettes.In kids under multi year old, it was inferred that parental smoking assumed the biggest job in conduct decisions. This finding proposes that kids are demonstrating the parents’ smoking conduct. In any case, more seasoned youngsters in optional school detailed companion strain to be the purpose behind decisions with respect to cigarettes. Seventy-four percent of the members detailed that they smoked under five cigarettes every day. This equivalent bit or members conceded that they smoked in light of the fact that they encountered physical indications of nicotine pull back when they didn’t smoke daily.Consumption of cigarettes in this gathering was accounted for as a social movement among companions yet for the most part in disconnected zones, to abstain from getting captured. Most all young people that were dynamic in this examination revealed that they had proposed to stop smoking later on. Most of members had no reasonable arrangement on how they were going to stop and most had admitted to a few bombed endeavors to quit smoking without assistance. Angles to consider: connections, athletic contribution, wellbeing concerns, absence of accounts, and parental concern are largely reasons that would make a high schooler smoker consider quitting.The members that had the option to quit smoking had an arrangement and picked a particular quit date. Strategies for Study This data was gathered and handled through a subjective report. In particular, it included twenty-six teenagers from three state funded schools. Twenty-thee individuals from this example bunch were smokers while three of the individuals had quit smoking. Data was assembled through three center gathering interviews, three inside and out meeti ngs more than twenty months, and questionnaires.The questions were asked in a non-formal conversational way with significant focuses or answers recorded on a report intended to assess and sort data (site). The Social Cognitive Theory was utilized to sort out assortment of data and investigation. This hypothetical system was picked dependent on the requirement for a clarification of adolescent smoking identified with people, heath practices, and situations. The desire is that Social Cognitive Theory would offer more knowledge on how these three components would connect with one another simultaneously.Contribution to Nursing Smoking tobacco keeps on being one of the top reasons for preventable foundations for death in America. There are 430,000 passings, one point 5,000,000 years of potential life lost, and fifty billion of lost clinical obligation identified with tobacco use (Hollis, J. , Pollen, N,†¦ 2005). Attendants that distinguish more youthful customers in danger for tobac co can add to decrease in dismalness identified with smoking and aid the decline of clinical obligation. â€Å"The more youthful that adolescent are the point at which they begin utilizing tobacco, the more probable they'll be dependent (CDC, 20012). The investigation offers understanding to nursing practice for explicit fitting of a consideration plan for teenagers who smoke, guardians who smoke, and how to focus on the training for stopping. The territories that influenced teen’s enthusiasm for stopping included: athletic improvement, guardians dissatisfaction, wellbeing concerns, and absence of accounts. Medical caretakers can utilize the data from this investigation to strengthen the wellbeing advancement and advantages of being a non-smoker. The acknowledgment of how guardians influence smoking practices will help the medical attendant in getting ready training that is aimed at the whole family to discourage adolescence and youngster smoking.The commitment to persistent consideration can be seen with wellbeing advancement evaluation use. The ends were clear about teenagers requiring an arrangement to stop after they arrived at the upkeep period of smoking. This outcome makes medical attendants aware of evaluate smoking in more youthful immaturity and offer help with smoking discontinuance. Moral Issues First, The Research and Ethic Committee of University Kebangsaan Malaysia gave endorsement before the investigation was begun. Second, The Ministry of Education Malaysia offered approval for interviews in the educational system for kids who were not associated with some kind of major examination.Third, the entirety of the teenagers alongside guardians gave a composed and marked assent for cooperation. The classification of current smoking status was kept unblemished and security was kept up. In conclusion, at the finishes of each meeting the youngsters were offered smoking cession directing at a doctor’s facility. To guarantee unwavering qual ity of the investigation, a few schools were utilized and various kinds of information assortment used. There was self-reflexivity in limiting assessments of the specialists. Approval was offered by insignificant provoking, explanation, and rethinking of inquiries. ConclusionThe study distinguished components like nicotine dependence, individual, and ecological issues that impact of smoking practices in adolescents. These regions ought to be of incredible need when creating smoking suspension programs for youngsters. The Social Cognitive Theory used in this examination is a guide that causes medical attendants to comprehend smoking practices in adolescents and how to deliver obstructions to break those powerful factors. Since this examination was done in one locale of Malaysia, it may not have any significant bearing to all territories outside of it. This was a little report that can't be applied to all societies, geographic areas, and race.A better point of view would have been acc omplished by choosing a more extensive gathering with arbitrary geographic area and equivalent sexual orientation cooperation. The male to female proportion for the examination was inconsistent and this causes a move in the standard deviation while investigating the investigation from a factual view. Having inconsistent sexual orientation numbers could cause a sort I or II mistake which makes the data not so much solid (Grove, S. , 2012). References Center for Disease Control. (2012, January). We can make the cutting edge sans tobacco. Recovered from http://www. cdc. gov/Features/YouthTobaccoUse/Grove, Susan K. (2012).Statistics for Health Care Research: A Practical Workbook [1] (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved from http://pageburstls. elsevier. com/books/978-1-4160-0226-0/layout/11 Hollis, J. , Polen, M. , Whitlock, E. , Lichtenstein, E. , Mullooly, J. , Velicer, W. , and Redding, C. (2005). Teenager Reach: results from a randomized, controlled preliminary of a tobacco decrease p rogram for adolescents found in essential clinical consideration. Pediatrics, 115(4 Part 1), 981-989. Tohid, H. , Ishak, N. d. , Muhammad, N. , Hassan, H. , and Omar, K. (2011). What decides teenagers’ smoking conduct? : A subjective report. Universal Medical Journal, 18(3), 194-198. 194PSYCHIATRY Article Ititernational Medical Joumal. Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 194 †198 , September 2011 What Determines Teenagers' Smoking Behavior? : A Qualitative Study Hizlinda Tohid†, Noriah Mohd. Ishak^', Noor Azimah Muhammad†, Hasliza Abu Hassan^', Farah Naaz Momtaz Ahmad†, Khairani Omar'* ABSTRACT Objective: The investigation intended to investigate smoking conduct among Malaysian youngsters that were identified with their smoking inception, cigarette utilization, quit expectation, and quit endeavors. Strategies: It was a subjective report that utilized different contextual analysis configuration, including 26 youngsters (23 smokers and three previous smokers) from three open schools.Data was gathered through surveys, three center gathering meetings and three top to bottom meetings more than 20 months, A normalized semi-organized meeting convention was used. Results: Among the members, 74% of them began smoking after the age of 12 years of age. The dominant part (20/23) of the high school smokers confessed to smoking each day and 74% of them smoked not in excess of 5 cigarettes per day. The entirety of the smokers had the expectation to stop however just 22 out of the 23 young smokers had endeavored stopping. 60% of these young people had more than three quit attempts.In general, this examination caught the intricacy of the youngsters' smoking conduct that could be affected by different elements, including conduct (e,g, nicotine dependence), individual (e,g, origination of smoking and stopping, interest, sensation chasing, information about smoking end, stress, keeping up athletic execution, and fund,) and ecological (e,g, socialization, peer pressu re, parental smoking, parental dissatisfaction, and kid or sweetheart repugnance) factors. Ends: This examination portrayed the mind boggling and multidimensional nature of high school smoking behaviour.The discoveries additionally correspondingly coordinated the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), accordingly proposing the hypothesis' appropriateness in clarifying smoking conduct among the Malaysian young people, KEY WORDS smoking, youngsters, smoking commencement, cigarette utilization, quit smoking INTRODUCTION Adolescence is an essential time wherein a moderately needy kid changes into a generally autonomous grown-up. During this transitional period, many tee

Car Safety Features Essay

As vehicles and other engine vehicles get quicker, they become increasingly more risky to utilize. While this is the situation, there are a wide range of strategies that producers have used to help forestall mischief to their buyers. These strategies include: air packs, safety belts, antilock breaking frameworks and some more. These three highlights are by a long shot the most normally realized security highlights for vehicles, and practically any new vehicle that is produced will have each of the three of these wellbeing highlights, not just in view of the enthusiasm for protecting drivers yet in addition the as of late tremendous intrigue to security highlights and appraisals for vehicles. Safety belts Seat belts are by a long shot the most well-known security highlight among vehicles. Everybody realizes what they are, been educated to consistently lock in, they lessen the danger of death by around half, and is illicit to not be wearing one while going in a vehicle. Be that as it may, precisely do safety belts do? Safety belts ensure drivers and travelers by tying them into their seat. This forestalls brutal bastards brought about by either impacts or abrupt stops. The fundamental thought of safety belts is that they prevent you from flying out of the windshield of your vehicle. For what reason would this occur? It happens due to something many refer to as dormancy. Dormancy matter’s inclination to continue moving if it’s moving or continue remaining still if it’s remaining still, until it becomes affected by a power. Sort of like on the off chance that you get up in the first part of the day felling tired, you need to return to rest until you drive yourself to wake up. This is the means by which latency works. On the off chance that you were going in a vehicle at 60 kilometers for each hour, dormancy would imply that the vehicle, and everything inside it, would need to continue moving at 60 kilometers for every hour. In the event that the vehicle decelerates rapidly, maybe because of an accident, everything inside the vehicle will in any case be moving at 60 kilometers for every hour, except the vehicle will hinder rapidly. On the off chance that you were not wearing a safety belt, you would travel advances at 60 kilometers for every hour and crash through your windshield. Since windshields are made of thick glass, colliding with it would handily execute you at a speed this way. In the event that you were wearing a safety belt in a circumstance like this, the safety belt goes about as a power to prevent you from moving advances, extraordinarily decreasing the effect of the dormancy. The most generally referred to sort of safety belt is known as the three-point safety belt, which can be seen on the right. The three-point safety belt is quite often utilized in vehicles and transports. The three-point safety belt works by having a segment of texture over your hip, yet in addition over your entire middle. The safety belt has three focuses, two of them being incorporated with the vehicle, and the third point being the place the safety belt secures, consequently the name three-point safety belt. Air Bags Another extremely basic type of traveler assurance is the air pack. Air packs are fundamentally exactly what they’re called. They are sacks and get loaded up with air during an accident, forestalling the driver/traveler from hitting their head onto the dashboard. Much like safety belts, they endeavor to diminish the effect of inactivity to forestall injury, by preventing the passenger’s head from pushing ahead. Air packs have three segments that work as one to work accurately: the accident sensor, the inflator, and the air sack itself. The accident sensor is a gadget that distinguishes the power that is equivalent to or more prominent than crashing into a block divider at 16 to 24 kilometers for each hour. On the off chance that this power is met, the accident sensor sends an order to the inflator. The inflator at that point makes a response between sodium azide (NaN3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) to make nitrogen gas (NO3). The inflator powers this gas into the airbag, cause the pack to expand. The pack is made of a meager nylon texture, which is collapsed into a compartment in both the directing haggle the dashboard, and more often than not the seat or entryway. Non-freezing stopping mechanism (ABS) Many mishaps are cause by brakes being applies excessively, bolting up the haggles the vehicle to slide. ABS attempts to keep the wheel from locking up and causing the vehicle to lose control. There are 4 segments to ABS frameworks: speed sensors, the siphon, valves and the controller. The speed sensors give data to the controller of what speed the vehicle is going at, they are typically situated at the wheels. There is a valve in every one of the brakes constrained by the ABS. There are three unique places that the valves can be in: the valve being open, obstructing the break line and discharging pressure structure the brakes. Since valves discharge the weight from the brakes, there should be something that returns the weight in. That’s there the siphon come in. At the point when a valve lessens the weight in the brakes, the siphons are there to return the weight in the stopping mechanism. Lastly, there is the controller. The controller is a PC set some place in the vehicle. The controller just controls how the speed sensors, the siphons and the valve work. ABS works by distinguishing hen brakes are applied to hard, and starts to kill the brakes on and by removing and re-applying the weight on them. This stops the wheels on the vehicles from locking up, and more often than not prevents the vehicle from sliding.

Freshdesk Review Bang For Your Buck, Packed With Features

Freshdesk Review Bang For Your Buck, Packed With Features Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Freshdesk Review: Bang For Your Buck, Packed With FeaturesUpdated On 08/03/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : Featured Web AppsShort URL : http://hbb.me/1PgOB5i CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogWhen you are running a Business, you cannot afford to compromise on customer satisfaction.In times when customers demand premium post-sales service and personal care from brands, Freshdesk arrives as one of the solutions that might help you to make your support process better. Let’s put their app to a litmus test and see if their helpdesk actually lives up to its name, which it has built up quite quickly in a short period of time.Freshdesk Review: What Is It?Simply put, Freshdesk is an all-in-one help desk tool that brings in, and helps you manage incoming support queries from customers. It can help you track activities in the form of tickets, respond to them one at a time and manage them until the particular issue gets resolved.Your support conversations can take place anywhere through e-mails, phone calls, live chat or even Social Media sites like Facebook or Twitter, and Freshdesk will have you bases covered. This potentially means that the application enables businesses to reach out to customers across the Internet from a single place. Since the application is based on the cloud, it is accessible from anywhere, as long as you can get your hands on a browser and an Internet connection.Features of FreshdeskEmail-to-Ticket SystemOne of the core aspects of Freshdesk is an email-to-ticket system that features across all their plans. Once you have configured your primary contact email with Freshdesk, everything that comes into your inbox gets converted into a ticket, automatically. As soon as you start using it, it is obvious that Freshdesk makes your life a lot easier by replacing your mailbox. The capability to add an unlimited number of mailboxes is a welcome addition, so that you can branch in your multiple contact points to your helpdesk.Taking Support to Social MediaGoing down the road, Freshdesk also lets you integrate your company’s Facebook and Twitter accounts into your online helpdesk. Just like your mailboxes, you could add an unlimited number of accounts for both these channels and interactions taking place will get converted into tickets already. You can also setup the app to monitor Twitter using keywords to keep tabs on relevant topics and discussions.In addition to wall posts and comments being tracks, Facebook users can also engage customer support team through the respective messaging system. In a way, this creates a private social channel for customers to touch base. A similar function with Twitter allows DMs to be tracked inside Freshdesk.AutomationsAutomations are perhaps the most useful feature you will find in Freshdesk and they have the potential to change the way you manage things with your support team. They can help your agents on just responding to tickets instead of actually managing them in person, reducing the total number of agents required at a time to run the help desk. Suddenly, this becomes a great value add for buyers, as its available across plans at no additional cost.The three major automations â€" Dispatch’r (which categorizes and prioritizes incoming tickets), Supervisor (that manages existing ones) and Scenario Automations (used to carry out bulk updates) increase the productivity of your team several folds. That being said, the time you spend in configuring them up aren’t high either. All the automations share a similar interface and using them becomes pretty straightforward once you get the hang of it. Apart from minimizing your team’s effort in doing tasks, you can also use these automations to give you reminders, escalate tickets when they aren’t attended to and prevent customers from getting too frustrated. Things just got serious with Freshdesk!READ Tech Bloggers: How Times Internet and Gizmodo Tie Up Might Hurt You.Time Tracking and ReportsAnother interesting value-add to Freshdesk is the time tracking functionality. While most business don’t necessarily need this, it can be pretty useful when you charge clients based on the time you spend interacting them, for example, like in a design company when hours translate directly into money.The good news, all the time tracking information along with everything from the ticketing system are closely tied up with a reporting system that can cater to some basic needs. While they aren’t complete themselves, the makers don’t hold back any of your data from you and let you export tickets in bulk as a CSV file. That’s good enough for most of us.Integrated Community and Knowledge BaseThe knowledge base and community forums come as features, which come close to completing the support experience in Freshdesk. The community in particular available as a part of the helpdesk, and have bee n put in place to maximize engagement with customers. While customers might not be very interested to get started with a new board, it does open up a few doors them to discuss ideas that can translate to real features in products.Secondly, the knowledge base is available as a solutions section to customers, and pops up with relevant answers (which need to be created beforehand) when somebody comes asking. Everyone who lands up on the support page could either help himself to an existing tutorial or talk to the support team themselves and get an answer. This comes as a bonus during non-working hours or vacations when customer support representatives are usually off.The Support ArcadeMost of us would have been overwhelmed, or at least satisfied by these existing features. But to establish a clear-cut unique selling point, the Freshdesk team has built in something called the Support Arcade into Freshdesk. It is a feature, which will “gamify” agents’ lives by bringing in a points system, leveling and trophies into the helpdesk. Agents can start earning points and see directly relate their performance to colleagues using the built-in leaderboards. Managers are even allowed to create quests to get things done from their perspective.Along with the multi-product support, the Support Arcade comes as a feature that’s unique to Freshdesk, and is likely to attract a particular class of users.PricingFreshdesk is free for customers who plan to have only one agent in the team. Adding more agents ranges from $9/Agent /Month to $40/Agent/Month based on features and plans included. In comparison to other leading providers like Zendesk and Salesforce’s Desk.com, Freshdesk is well priced to appeal to everyone. On a month-to-month basis, you could end up saving a lot of money if you’ve figured out exactly what you want for your support software. Interestingly, they have a startup offer in place for new companies that covers a year of service including three agents. Yo u can have a look at Freshdesk target=_blank>Freshdesk Pricing page for more details.Note: The first agent in any plan is free. You don’t need a credit card to sign-up for the trial. This makes for a great reason to check them out without making any commitments.What’s awesome?Cost-effective pricing per agent.Easily configurable features.Automations to speed-up recurrent tasks.Multiple products within a single account.You don’t need too much help figuring it out.What’s missing?Ability to track phone calls (only inside India as of now).Not as many Integrations as competitors.Excellent customer interface and brand-able solutions, Freshdesk is the product you are looking for.Editor RatingRated 4 stars Excellent80%FreshdeskReviewed by: Pradeep KumarPublished on: 22/11/2012Last modified: 08/03/2016Visit Freshdesk

End of Life Medical Issues Essay - 831 Words

Euthanasia: When should be the End? Christina Nichols PHI208 Ethics and Moral Reasoning Craig Thompson June 6, 2014 End of life medical issues are a very sensitive subject for doctors, patients, and family members. Some support the patients’ right to terminate their own life. Euthanasia loosely called physician assisted suicide is when one takes deliberate action to end life when faced with persistent suffering and certain death (Medical News Today, 2012).Many feel that patients should not have to suffer unjustly when faced with serious pain and debilitating illness. Often times it is just as difficult for family members to stand by and watch loved ones suffer. As someone that has witnessed both my grandmothers die on hospice†¦show more content†¦We would have to have a general rule of practice when deciding when treatments would be denied based on one’s health. I believe that each person’s medical issues and chances of survival are unique, and they should be treated as an individual. If care were based on the ability to provide physician assisted death in the United States I believe that patients would not receive the best care. Insurance companies and doctors would be making decisions based on financial gain or loss. Physicians and insurance companies may even persuade patients and patient’s families to make decisions regarding care that are solely based on money. In the video End of Life Care, Professor of Law Richard Epstein describes people in terms of investments, in which hospitals would bounce from the emergency room those who are most likely to die (ForaTv, 2009). Lastly, euthanasia should not be an option because only God should be allowed to determine when ones journey has been completed. I believe as long as a person is present their life holds value. Only God should be able to choose when your life is complete. He has put us here for a reason, even though at times that reason is not evident to us. Our bodies are designed to endure only what they can handle, it is only when the body can endure no more that it shuts down. People should not be the decision makers on who gets to live or die, that type of power should notShow MoreRelatedLegal And Ethical Principles Of Health Care1661 Words   |  7 Pagesoptions. End- of- live involves ethical and legal concerns with end-of-life care have focused on the interest of patients, an interest referred to as autonomy or self-determination. On the other hand, medical professionals buttress the feelings that arise from these relationships s could undermine the morale of health care professionals and thus their commitment to doing their utmost for every patient. 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Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles

Not far from the iconic Hollywood sign, on the south-facing slope of Mount Hollywood, stands Los Angeles other famous landmark: the Griffith Observatory. This popular movie locale is actually one of the largest observatories in the world open for public viewing and one of a selection of great space-themed places to visit in the U.S. Every year, more than a million and a half visitors look through its massive telescopes, learn from its exhibits, and experience planetarium shows. Fast Facts: Griffith Observatory Location: Griffith Observatory is located in Griffith Park in Los Feliz, Los Angeles.Altitude: 1,134 feet above sea levelMain Attractions: Zeiss telescopes (composed of a twelve-inch and a nine and a half-inch refracting telescopes), Coelostat and solar telescopes, planetarium, exhibits, and free-standing telescopes for public use.Griffith Observatory receives well over 1.5 million visitors a year.Admission to the observatory is free; fees apply for parking and tickets to see the planetarium show. Griffith Observatory is unique because its purely a public observatory and prides itself on providing a chance for anyone to look through a telescope. Its theme and main goal are to turn visitors into observers.  This makes it a very different type of observatory than its research siblings, which focus entirely on professional astronomy observing. An aerial view of Griffith Observatory in 2006.   Griffith Observatory, used by permission.   History of the Griffith Observatory The observatory began as the dream of financier, mining magnate, and real estate developer Griffith J. Griffith. He came to southern California from Wales in the 1860s and eventually acquired the land where the observatory and park now sit. Griffith was fascinated by the great parks he saw in Europe and envisioned one for Los Angeles. Eventually, he donated his property to the city for that purpose.   In 1904, Griffith visited nearby Mount Wilson Observatory (where astronomer Edwin P. Hubble made his discoveries) and fell in love with astronomy. He wrote: If all mankind could look through that telescope, it would change the world.  Based on that visit, Griffith decided to offer money to the city to build an observatory on top of Mount Hollywood. He wanted to make sure that the public would have access to a telescope to carry out his vision. It took some time to get the building approved, and it wasnt until 1933 (14 years after Griffiths death) that ground was broken. The observatory was conceived as a monument to science, would always be open to the public, and had to withstand all but the strongest earthquakes. The final floorplan design for the Griffith Observatory in 1933.   Griffith Observatory, used by permission. The observatorys planning team included scientists from Caltech and Mount Wilson, along with engineers who created plans for the observatory and its Foucault Pendulum, a 38-foot-diameter model of a section of the Moon sculpted by artist Roger Hayward, and a three-in-one coelostat so visitors could study the Sun. For public viewing, the teams selected a 12-inch Zeiss refracting telescope as the best commercially available instrument. That instrument remains in place, and visitors can view planets, the Moon, and selected deep-sky objects through it. In addition, they can watch the Sun during the day through the coelostat.   The original plans for Griffith included a cinema. In 1923, after the invention of the planetarium instrument, designers for the observatory approached the Griffith family to see if they would permit a planetarium theater to be built in its place. They agreed to the planetarium, which featured a Zeiss planetarium instrument from Germany.   Griffith Observatory: Continuing Astronomy Access The Griffith Observatory opened its doors to the public on May 14, 1935, and was transferred to the citys department of parks and recreation. The parks also work with a support group called Friends of the Observatory (FOTO), in a unique public-private partnership to secure funding and other support for the observatorys ongoing mission. Tens of millions of visitors have passed through its doors, including hundreds of thousands of local school students who visit via a program funded by FOTO. The planetarium also produces unique programs that showcase the exploration of the universe.   Former director Cleminshaw working with Apollo astronauts during their training in 1967. Griffith Observatory, used by permission. Throughout its history, Griffith has served as the training ground for budding astronomers as well as astronauts. During World War II, the park hosted soldiers, and the planetarium helped train aviators in navigation. In the early 1960s, it continued that tradition by offering celestial navigation classes to 26 Apollo astronauts, including some who flew to the Moon. Over the years, the facility has broadened its access and modernized.  Four directors have guided the institution: Dr. Dinsmore Alter, Dr. Clarence Cleminshaw, Dr. William J. Kaufmann II, and currently Dr. E.C. Krupp. Expansion and Renovation The Griffith Observatory was so beloved that, in the words of its staff, it was being loved to death. Millions of visitors trekking through, air pollution effects, and other building problems led to a renovation. In 2002, the observatory closed and commenced a four-year rehab of the building, its exhibits, and the newly christened Samuel Oschin Planetarium. The renovation cost just over $92 million and left the observatory with much-needed modernization, exhibits, and a new planetarium instrument. It reopened to the public on November 3, 2006. Today, Griffith offers free access to the building and telescopes, with a small admission charge required to see the planetarium show. It hosts public star parties once a month, as well as other astronomy-related events.  Ã‚   Events such as lunar eclipses (shown here imaged through the Observatorys 12-inc telescope draw crowds of visitors to Griffith Observatory. Griffith Observatory, shot by Tony Cook. Used by permission.  Ã‚   On September 21, 2012, it welcomed thousands of visitors to witness the historic flyover of space shuttle Endeavor as it flew to its final stop in Los Angeles on the way to the California Science Center. From eclipses to stargazing, the observatory is well known as the place to be for cosmic events throughout Southern California.   Thousands gathered at Griffith for the last flyover of space shuttle Endeavour before it was delivered to the California Science Center in September 2012.   NASA Griffiths Exhibits and Lecture Offerings The observatory has a number of well-known exhibits, including a Tesla coil and an image called The Big Picture. This image, which represents a tiny portion of the sky in the Virgo Cluster (a cluster of galaxies) that can be covered by holding ones finger out at arms length, shows visitors the immensity of the universe and the objects it contains. The exhibits are intended to spark imagination and inquiry among visitors, through a sustained visit to the universe. They cover everything from the solar system and Earth to the most distant reaches of the observable cosmos.   In addition to exhibits, the observatory offers lectures each month in the Leonard Nimoy Event Horizon theater. This special space is named in honor of the late Star Trek actor who portrayed the Vulcan character of Mr. Spock in Star Trek. Nimoy was a big supporter of the planetarium and was active in the effort to secure funding for its renovation. The observatory offers live-streaming access to talks in the Nimoy as well as other events. It also creates a weekly sky report and offers news archives online.   One part of the exhibition at Griffith, which spans from stargazing to astronomy research. This section includes The Edge of Space and Depths of Space. Griffith Observatory, used by permission   Hollywood and Griffith Observatory Given its prominent location on Mount Hollywood, where it can be seen from throughout much of the Los Angeles basin, Griffith Observatory is a natural locale for movies. It has many connections to the entertainment industry, ranging from the Hugo Ballin (a Hollywood set designer) murals in its main rotunda to the late James Dean Rebel without a Cause statue outside the building. Many movies have been shot at Griffith since its opening. This includes scenes from Rebel as well as more recent films such as The Terminator, Transformers, The Rocketeer, and La La Land. A Must See Experience Griffith Observatory is iconic and legendary, and its place on Mount Hollywood has earned it the nickname The Hood Ornament of Los Angeles from its long-time director, Dr. E.C. Krupp. Its a familiar part of the skyline, accessible to all. It continues to provide a glimpse of the cosmos for those who make the trek up the mountain.   Sources http://www.griffithobservatory.org/Griffith Observatory TV, https://livestream.com/GriffithObservatoryTVhttps://www.pcmag.com/feature/347200/7-cool-things-to-see-at-la-s-griffith-observatory  http://thespacewriter.com/wp/2015/05/14/griffith-observatory-turns-80/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/california/articles/8-films-where-las-griffith-observatory-plays-a-pivotal-role/

Storytelling and Its Relevance - 909 Words

Storytelling and its relevance Storytelling is, as a concept, built upon the fundamental question of why. From the dawn of civilization to the marketing activities of a silicon-valley technology company, the success of every endeavor in between can be traced to the resolution of this fundamental question. â€Å"Storytelling is one of the few human traits that are truly universal across culture and through all of known history,† writes Jeremy Hsu for Scientific American . â€Å"Anthropologists find evidence of folktales everywhere in ancient cultures, written in Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Chinese, Egyptian and Sumerian. People in societies of all types weave narratives, from oral storytellers in hunter-gatherer tribes to the millions of writers churning out books, television shows and movies.† In his book The Triumph of Narrative, Robert Fulford writes about the historical significance of narratives and their impact on culture through time and generations. When ancient man’s crop failed, for example, he wanted to know why. To the non-scientific mind, the most compelling explanations arose in the form of religion; crops failed because the gods were unhappy and required tribute. The power of these stories, as mentioned, lies in the fact that on some level in the consciousness of the audience they make sense – they resolve the question of why and provide explanation for the happenings around the brain. â€Å"The story—from Rapunzel to War and Peace—is one of the basic tools invented by theShow MoreRelatedThe Oral Skills Of Little Children Essay970 Words   |  4 Pages Reading stories and storytelling have been hypothesized to affect the oral skills of little children. It was claimed that children who were told stories would use more formal lan guage than the those who do not. 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Explore Shakespeares Introduction of Romeo in Act I of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

Explore Shakespeares Introduction of  Romeo in Act I of Romeo and Juliet Essay In the play Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare builds up a vivid portrayal of Romeo to his audience during Act I by gradually developing his character. At the beginning of the play Romeo is illustrated as isolated and a character who seems to be wallowing in his misery. Shakespeare conveys this to the audience by manipulating Romeos language and making it packed with hyperbole, imagery and oxymoron. Additionally Romeo while in the middle of speaking breaks down and has to think, perhaps Shakespeare is suggesting that his use of elaborate language does not come naturally to him and thus the audience can conclude that Romeo is merely acting. In the last scene of the Act I Romeo behaves in a very different manner contrary to how he was conveyed in the previous scene, when Romeo first sees Juliet he proclaims a speech about her beauty, the way in which he expresses this love is much more externally focused than previously, suggesting that the love is genuine. Upon meeting for the first time they share a sonnet, for an Elizabethan this would suggest a pure, authentic love. Shakespeare also uses fate to subtlety suggest to the audience that Romeo is being truthful in his affection for Juliet; in the prologue Shakespeare writes a pair of star-crossed lovers this suggests to the audience that Romeo and Juliet are destined to be together, Shakespeare also in Act I often refers to fate implying that the couple are destined to meet. It is imperative that Shakespeare introduces Romeo as a character that the audience are concerned about and that they believe that his love for Juliet will eventually be pure and authentic, it is not tremendously important that Romeo is completely faithful, genuine and committed in his love for Juliet soon as the couple meet but rather that the relationship will develop throughout the whole play otherwise the consequent major events later on in the play will be meaningless. Contemporary Elizabethan audiences were used to hearing a play rather than watching one, this meant that they would be much more aware of the language that Shakespeare used, they would be more likely to detect changes in rhyme scheme and variations in characters use of language, Shakespeare even writes in the prologue to Henry V, Gently to hear, kindly to judge our play the likely reason for this is that society was a lot less visual than todays society since the did not have the television or films and the theatr e was relatively new to them. Shakespeare creates an explicit atmosphere of hatred and conflict right from the opening scene; perhaps he does this in order to juxtapose the character of Romeo with the world surrounding him. By contrasting Romeos behaviour to the environment in which the play is set, Shakespeare is able to highlight the difference he has with the rest of society and his solitary demeanour to the audience. The opening dialogue of the Capulets servants portrays to the audience the violent and aggressive atmosphere and how much they detest the Montague household, Sampson states that he wishes to fight with the men and then rather crudely abuse the women I will push Montagues men from the wall and thrust his maids to the wall. From this dialogue the audience learn to what extent the two opposing families despise each other. Shakespeare then introduces an enormous brawl in the city, as the Capulets and Montagues fight with each other; Tybalt a very aggressive individual exclaims talk of peace? I hate the word as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee. This reemphasizes to the audience the intense hatred both parties have for each other .In the first scene a very vicious world full of hate is introduced and the audience is possibly rather astonished at how bad the situation has become. Additionally because of this scene the audience have a brief understanding of the atmosphere in Verona, maybe Shakespeare did this in order to give the audience a better insight into Romeos behaviour because if they comprehend the world surrounding him they are more likely to emphasise with his actions and point of view. Furthermore the environment of tension and hatred is particularly imperative because at the end of Act V when the Montagues and Capulets reconcile, there has to be a significant transformation of the attitudes that the two families have for each other due to their childrens death for the play to be meaningful. The first mention of Romeo in the scene is in ll-115 when Lady Montague his mother says, O where is Romeo? Saw you him today? Right, glad I am he was not at this fray. The use of the interjection O shows the audience the deep concern Romeos mother has for him, the fact that even his own mother does not know where he is provides an initial impression to the audience that Romeo is an isolated child. Lady Montague also expresses her delight that Romeo was not at the brawl, this could possibly mean that he is usually attending these fights and also delivers the audience a subtle hint that Romeo is perhaps acting unusually or different from his normal character. His fathers monologue conveys a portrait of a very solitary child; he gives a quite detailed description of how miserable and secluded his son has become, he says about his son tears augmenting the fresh mornings dew, his deep sighs, private in his chamber pens himself and shuts up his windows locking fair daylight out. This speech builds up a disturbing presentation of the character of Romeo. The audience would most probably be thinking of a child who is melancholy, his fathers words private in his chamber pens himself gives a description of a child who cannot bear the presence of others and phrases such as black and portentous illustrates to the audience someone who is completely miserable and despondent. From Montagues speech Shakespeare is strongly suggesting to the audience that Romeo is a very troubled state of mind. Romeo And Juliet Literary Analysis EssaySome of the events in the play appear to have happened by chance alone, for example Romeo only finds out about the Capulets feast because he happens to come across Peter, a servant who cannot read, as he is looking for someone to interpret the invitation for the Capulet ball for him. The use of fate could be criticised by a modern audience however a contemporary Elizabethan audience would be far less sceptical about this because many believed in fate, destiny and the importance of stars. The fact that contemporary audience would be less critical of superstition could also justify Romeos reasoning when he says that he does not want to go to the Caplet ball because he had a dream the night before that warned him not to go, I dreamt a dream tonight. In Act I sc 5, when Romeo first sees Juliet he proclaims in a monologue his love for her. However can we believe the veracity of his love? This question can be argued for from both perspectives. Some might think that this love is not at all genuine they could argue that antithesis is still being used, a snowy dove trooping with crows to show that he sees Juliet as beautiful compared to everyone else, the antithesis could prove that he is just pretending and they could also dispute that Romeo is in love with her just because of her outward appearance I neer saw true beauty till this night since he has not actually spoken to her yet. However the audience care a lot about this moment; they want to believe that his love is in fact true love, Shakespeare creates dramatic irony here from the prologue, and the viewers already know that they will fall in love. A final point they could make is that in the first scene Romeo had to stop and think in the middle of his speech however in this monologue it is spontaneous proving that the love is genuine. Very shortly after this scene of love, Tybalt becomes enraged that a Montague is at the Capulet ball and wants to make a scene; once again Shakespeare contrasts a scene of Romeos character and love to a scene of conflict and hate in order to emphasize Romeos behaviour in comparison to the world around him. When Romeo and Juliet first meet some might argue that the love they have for one another is sincere and authentic Shakespeare conveys this by making the pair share a sonnet; this is tremendously significant because in Shakespeares time Sonnets were exceedingly popular. Poets across England would use them (including Shakespeare who himself wrote a long series of Sonnets). They were usually used to powerfully express a feeling of overwhelming love the poet conveyed in his Sonnet the emotions that being in a deep love would awaken within him. Often in a Sonnet there would be a conceit, which is an extended metaphor that runs throughout, in this particular case Romeo, and Juliet use religion as a conceit. Sonnets were made up of twelve lines of iambic pentameter in an ABAB rhyme scheme then the last two lines would be a rhyming couplet. Upon hearing the first quatrain the contemporary audience would be alerted that it was a Sonnet because they were so familiar with its structure. Both Romeo and Juliet share in the Sonnet and are still able to form it together perfectly and respond to each others imagery; Shakespeare uses this as a tool to portray to the strong bond the couple have. However another view is often taken: some think that it is not necessarily essential that the love they have for each other is completely pure and genuine right from the beginning of their relationship, however it is crucial that their love for one another will develop through the course of the play. The most important thing is that towards the end of the play Shakespeare conveys to the audience a love which is indisputably pure and genuine. In conclusion, Romeos character develops during the first act; Shakespeare initially portrays him as an isolated individual who almost enjoys wallowing in grief, this is evident to the audience because of the way in which Shakespeare manipulates Romeos language. He uses poetic devices such as hyperbole, metaphor and antithesis, what makes it clear to the audience that Romeo is merely acting is how he stops to think in the middle of speech. This illustration of a despondent and miserable Romeo continues until near the end of the act. Contrasting the initial impression of him in the last scene of the act the audience observe a different Romeo, although he still possesses some of the character traits that were found in the first scene such as antithesis and exaggeration in his language, his overall disposition has changed. The style in which he expresses his love is much more focused on Juliet rather than himself as observed in the first scene, his temperament is much more joyful than e ver before in the act and other elements in his presentation during Act I sc 5 convey this to the audience. The preliminary introduction of Romeo exemplifies to the audience a rather disagreeable character however his temperament slowly becomes more content and by the end of the Act I upon his first sighting of Romeo is portrayed as overjoyed in his new love.

Macbeth Essay free essay sample

In William Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’- Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are presented as flawed characters in challenging environments. In order to fully appreciate the nature of the challenging environment and what about it a character finds challenging, two questions must be posed: Is the character’s internal flaw a result of a problematic environment, or is what inhibits appropriate behaviour inherent-and what makes the environment challenging a result of this quality. Macbeth is a character in a challenging environment who appears to be very flawed, and my first belief is that it was the environment that caused this character to become flawed. When the audience is first introduced to Macbeth in this text, he is described by The Sergeant and King Duncan as ‘brave’, a ‘valour minion’ and a ‘Valiant cousin and worthy gentleman’, so from the audience’s point of view Macbeth is a humble warrior, a virtuous man and a flawless being. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Macbeth meets the witches, the audience can almost sense a change in his character, and discover that the Witches (the challenging environment) cause Macbeth to be easily manipulated and he becomes driven by greed because of their prophecy, he becomes willing to murder. If Macbeth hadn’t been placed in this problematic situation then he probably would not be seen as flawed, since his character would not have known what his future may have had in store for him. So it seems that Macbeth’s internal flaws were a result of a challenging environment. As the story unravels, the environment becomes more challenging as the characters are faced with more problems and as a result the characters become increasingly flawed. The flaws seem to be created from the environment. Before Macbeth kills Duncan, he contemplates whether he should do the deed or not, and as he is making a decision he speaks to Lady Macbeth, saying ‘We will proceed no further in this business: He hath honourd me of late; and I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people, Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, Not cast aside so soon. The fact that he cares about betraying people’s trust and living up to their expectations gives the audience the idea that Macbeth still has some good left in him, since a completely flawed person would not see any wrong in killing for their own benefit, and would not struggle with the decision as Macbeth does. After Macbeth has killed Duncan, the environment gets more challenging to the characters, resultin g in them becoming even more flawed. The audience can sense another change in Macbeth after he kills Duncan, so they see that the environment changing (Duncan’s death) causes a character change (Macbeth goes crazy). So to the audience it is apparent that if Macbeth hadn’t been put in these situations, he would not be flawed. Although I accept that Macbeth’s flaws could have been created by the challenging environment, there is also evidence to suggest that he was flawed prior to him finding the environment challenging, suggesting that the challenging environment is a direct result of his character flaw. The reason the audience might believe Macbeth was flawed prior to the challenging events is because he responds to the events so badly, he seemed easily persuaded and gullible. He was also easily emasculated by Lady Macbeth; some people might see this as a flaw. Also, being Thane of Cawdor you would assume that he could deal with power and would be a noble person, but as soon as more power and fortune was offered to him his greed over took his logical reasoning and he responded badly. After the witches had spoken their prophecy, Macbeth seemed to be mesmerised by their words, and he wanted them to stay and speak more: â€Å"Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more: . Say from whence You owe this strange intelligence? Or why Upon this blasted heath you stop our way With such prophetic greeting? Speak, I charge you. † Macbeth seemed to be very intrigued by the witches and genuinely seemed to believe what they were saying, so his saneness needs to be questioned if he was so keen to believe them. So to the audience it is also apparent that Macbeth was flawed prior to the environment becoming challenging. Another character with obvious flaws in ‘Macbeth’ is Macbeths wife, Lady Macbeth, though we only see Lady Macbeth once after the environment had seemed to become challenging. Since contrast is not provided, we can assume that she was flawed prior to her finding the environment challenging. It’s an assumption the audience made based on their first impression. We assume she was inherently flawed prior to the environment becoming challenging because she reacts so violently straight away; as soon as she receives the letter from Macbeth stating the Witches’ Prophecy, she makes plans to assist Macbeth in murdering the king, and orders spirits to take her womanhood away from her: â€Å"Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty! This makes Lady Macbeth seem inherently flawed to the audience, as she also responded badly to the challenging environment. It is interesting to note that she is responsible for all the challenging environments in the play. She instigated the murder and everything became challenging as a result of this. It is because of her that things bec ome challenging. There is no counter argument towards the previous paragraph because we have no contrast to how she acted before the environment became challenging, however there is evidence to suggest that she is the reason that the environment became challenging. It was Lady Macbeth who convinced Macbeth to murder King Duncan, and because of this both she and her husband’s sanity were corrupted, and the problematic situations carry on from here. If she had not had instigated the murder, then Macbeth might not have decided to kill the king, and all of the problems could have been avoided, for example, the king would have lived, his sons would have stayed and Macbeth would not have gone crazy and many people’s lives would have been saved. So it is safe to say that Lady Macbeth was the reason for most of the challenging environments. In conclusion, I strongly agree with the statement that â€Å"Macbeth† by William Shakespeare presents flawed characters in challenging environments, and I think that there are two possible ways this statement can be viewed, and both ways still agree with the statement. Macbeth was previously flawed, but the environments were also very challenging and hard to respond to. Lady Macbeth was also definitely a flawed character and she caused the environment to become challenging. The flawed characters and the challenging environments create a story and cause each other to be seen as flawed and challenging.

The Cold War - Battle of the Superpowers essays

The Cold War - Battle of the Superpowers essays The Cold War began as an ideological struggle between the two superpowers that emerged in the aftermath of World War Two (WWII). The destruction of the former Western European balance of power post WWII allowed for new nations to emerge superpowers. The tensions that arose from the restructured bipolar balance of power sparked a global east/west rift that continues to exist today. From 1945 to 1991, the United States of America (USA) and the former Soviet Union (USSR) were engaged in an ideological war that resulted in a race to influence and thereby control as much of the world as possible. A costly race for better nuclear technology and more global influence ensued between the two superpowers, which created a global possibility of nuclear war. In 1945, the destructive capability of nuclear warfare was demonstrated when the USA dropped two nuclear bombs on Japan. The threat of nuclear warfare that arose seventeen years later in the Cold War thus evoked fear across the globe and heightened global tensions. The USSR and USA's respective endorsements of communism and capitalism throughout the world led them to directly implicate many countries in the Cold War and simultaneously made them susceptible to involvement in a nuclear war. The significance of the Cold War to world history is that the capitalist/communist stalemate had the potential of erupting into nuclear war, which affected not only Americans and Soviets, but implicated people across the globe. The USA and USSR's ultimate desire to end the balance of power stalemate between their respective world views of capitalism and communism caused the superpowers to pursue a race to impose their influence upon as many nations as possible, thus creating a global conflict that divided the world upon ideological lines and nearly resulted in the world's total nuclear destruction. A major component of the competition between the USA and USSR revolved around a costly arms race. Both ...

Develop an analysis on US modes of transportaation and security Essay

Develop an analysis on US modes of transportaation and security - Essay Example With regards to land transportation such as the train system or mass transport system, preparedness for emergency situations was increased through training and holding of emergency drills (Dillingham, 2003). Securing the mass transport system via land is more challenging than securing the transport modes through water and air. The high ridership, the open access features, the high costs of security improvements, vastness of the urban area, the existence of multiple access points and the problem of coordination with the various stakeholders make this type of transportation mode difficult to secure (Guerrero, 2002). Despite these challenges, the agencies involved in mass transport have come up with safety and security measures namely: â€Å"1) vulnerability assessments; 2) fast-track security improvements; 3) immediate, inexpensive security improvements; 4) intensified security presence; 5) increased emergency drills; 6) revised emergency plans; and 7) additional training on anti-terr orism† (Guerrero, 2002). Specifically, there will be increased surveillance, more cameras, a mobile security team that handles random checking of passengers and bags, more police and bomb-sniffing canines (Levitz, 2010). With regards to water transport, security in ports was increased. There will be police officers from the port authority and explosives detection canine handlers who will board the ferry. Passenger and cargo screening is also implemented. Aviation security is implemented by screening the passengers and the property in the plane (Dillingham, 2003). Federal passenger screeners check all bags with the use of explosive detection system. Other alternative means for screening passengers and baggage were employed like canine teams, hand searches and passenger-bag matching. Federal air marshals are also deployed. Furthermore, reinforced cockpit doors in aircrafts were

Company Policy - Recruiting and Selecting Coursework

Company Policy - Recruiting and Selecting - Coursework Example No single firm can succeed without having laid down policies that govern its day to day operations. For that reason, ASDA also has its laid down rules, principles, guidelines or directions that must be adhered to while selecting and recruiting employees. These rules and guidelines enable the firm to receive highly qualified and skilled employees. In addition to that, the selected employees are best suited for the job to ensure the overall growth and progress of the firm. In ensuring that all employees as well as potential ones understand its policies, ASDA has printed leaflets and availed them in all its outlets. Furthermore, the selection and recruitment policy is available online in the company’s website for public viewing. The policy has clarified the entire process involved in the selection and recruitment of new employees. It states that individuals wishing to work in ASDA should fill in application forms available online or visit nearest ADSA stores, and fill application forms. Thereafter, shortlisted individuals are called for interviews and their personality and working competencies scrutinized. Qualified individuals are selected and further taken to psychology tests where their IQ is tested. People with high IQ and pleasant personality are selected and given roles that makes use of their brilliance. ADSA also has clear procedures that allow recruitment of old people aged fifty years and above. The old people are viewed to have experience which is beneficial to the supermarket. These policies are extremely vital in ensuring the growth and progress of the company. It stresses on employment of qualified people who work to ensure that the supermarket achieves its goals and objectives. It serves the supermarket’s purpose in providing quality service to the people. Employing old people promotes the society’s culture to respect and take care of the elderly people. It gives them a chance to take part in nation building. The policy is updat ed every now and then to ensure that it reflects the current changes in the market demands. The regular updates ensure that the supermarket employs qualified individuals who are focused and dedicated in advancing its goals. The recruitment and selection policy is accepted and known by all stakeholders in the business. The society, customers, employees and customers makes up the stakeholders in ADSA. Every group has a role to play in the business; thus, wide knowledge of the supermarket’s policy will ensure that they perform their roles in the best manner possible. For instance, employees will understand what is expected of them, how to conduct their duties as well as the procedures involved in securing promotions. The customers, on the other hand, will understand best how they should be treated by the supermarket’s employees. Furthermore, having knowledge of the recruitment and selection policy will make them appreciate the supermarket’s employees. They will vie w them as qualified individuals who have their interests at heart. The policy plays important roles in ensuring steady growth and advancement of ASDA supermarket. Employing of qualified individuals after a rigorous interview process makes the chain of supermarket to meet the demands of the public, customers and the society. The psychological tests conducted to employ the managerial staff also promote the company’

Coca Cola Stakeholder Report

Coca Cola Stakeholder Report Goodstein, Nolan, and Pfeiffer states in their book that A mission defines the organisation existence and it covers four areas, firstly what is the purpose, for whom, how and why organisation exists. A mission statement provides framework to the organisation in which it will operate. A profit oriented organisation purpose is to satisfy needs of market and for non-profit oriented organisation it is to serve for community. For whom will be the customer of organisation and in non profit organisation the community at large. How covers the strategy the organisation will pursue in providing quality product or service to its potential customers. The answer of why of profit oriented organisation would be maximisation of profit and achieving growth by seizing new opportunities. A non-profit organisation has no concern with profit and focus on providing service to community. Organisation culture is belief, attitude and values. It provides basis for the way organisation will perform its activit ies. Values are important part of organisation and it sets organisation traits, its actual and required competence and quality of work. Its gives foundation for decision making, guidance of how work will perform, what kind of people are needed and areas needed more care. Values are basis of organisation decision. (Goostein, Nolan, Pfeiffer 1993) Organisation performs value scanning and stakeholders for effective decision making. Stakeholder holds powers and can significantly influence organisation decision. Stakeholders include shareholders, employee, customer, community, lenders, suppliers and Government. Shareholders and lenders can effect decision of organisation as they have significant interest and power. Second important stakeholder is customers of organisation and holder tremendous power and interest. Thirdly, the employees that require proper salaries and benefits against their services. All three stakeholders can influence the decision of organisation; therefore organisatio n should perform stakeholder analysis before making strategic decision to achieve its long term objectives. Typically organisation objectives are long term gaols which it wants to achieve. Normally those are maximisation of wealth of shareholders, providing quality products and increase in market share. As from the case of Coca Cola, its objectives includes Market leader in its industry Worldwide growth Provide reliable and quality product In order to achieve those objective, it has values which is based on teamwork, precision and bringing together its employee to strive to achieve its objectives. Objective of Three Stakeholders Coca cola has achieved the objectives of its three important stakeholders Customers, it has provided quality product to its customers and put forward customers trust at top priority. Coca Cola has heavily invested in its research and development area to produce high quality beverages. Employees, it has recognised its employees as an asset and understand the fact that a motivated employee strives for the growth of the company. It has taken different measures to satisfy its employees needs and provide them route to communicate and express their feelings. Shareholders, they want high return on their investment. As it is apparent from the growth and development of coca cola. It is working hard to maximise the wealth of shareholder. 1.3 Strategies employed by organisation and Government as stakeholder Its organisation is responsible to develop strategies to meet stakeholders objective. Every stakeholder has different set of objectives associated with the organisation. The interest of shareholders is maximisation of wealth and company growth. It is appearent from the case that Coca cola has achieved significant growth over the years and expand its business world as it serving customers over 200 countries and product range is 400 non aphonic beverages. Customers want value for money. Coca cola research and development has produced product to meet the demand of customers and marketing development has increased over the years. Coca cola adhere that customers trust is vital for the success of organisation. Coca cola has been meeting the legal and regulatory requirement nationally and internationally. In any business Government is always a major stakeholder as it holds significant power to disrupt organisation plans. So its necessary for organisation to prepare its strategies in compliance with law and regulations. Employees are major stakeholders of organisation; organisation should prepare strategies for training and development of its human resource and provide opportunity to excel. 2.1 Economic system and use of resources The central economic problem is shortage of resource, which includes land, labour and capital. It arises due to high human demand, scarcity does not arrive itself it is human wants and desire who brought them. Some of the resources problems are solved by the introduction of new technology as a substitute, where as other resource are still limited (Dhillon 2007) Economic system is concerned with effective use of resources. Economic system depends on the availability of resources and its demands. The types of economic system are as follow. Command system All resources are controlled by the government itself. Government prepare plans for resource allocation for industry and people. In this system government is owner of resources and make decision for what is needed to produce and way to produce. Free market economic system: In this decision are made by private individuals and industrialist. All resources are owned by private individuals. In a pure free market there would be no government involvements. America is biggest example of it where all resources are owned by firms. Capitalism is the astounding belief that the wickedest of men, will do the wickedest of things for the greatest good of everyone. (Keynes 2000) Mixed Economic System In mixed economic system some resources are controlled and owned by government and some resources are managed by private firm. This is very famous system and it combines the characteristics of both systems. Transitional economies In this system, it is changing from planned to free economy and involve market decide the price and barriers of trade are removed. 2.2 Social welfare and industrial initiatives Social welfare policies include health, education, social works, education, pension scheme and housing schemes. Theaker (2004), states in his book that there are different types of rules developed by societies. These rules provides framework for an organisation in preparing its strategies. The objective behind rules and policies are that organisation should be proactive. It implies that organisation should be not focused on self interest and work for the benefit of its employees, community at large etc. Moore (2002), states in his book that the government is responsible for unemployment, employee housing and wage levels. Government hold power and should prepare policy to protect the community. Social welfare involves equal distribution of wealth. If wealth is distributed equally then there will be no poverty. Social welfare has strong history in UK; the government has prepared different laws and policies to protect citizens of UK which includes the poor law 1834, the welfare state in Britain 1948, housing policy, education policy etc. Industrial policy Industrial policy concerned with growth and development. Its objectives are Sustainable growth of industry Raise in employment rate Efficient and effective use of Human resource development Country growth and development in making it world player UK five productivity drivers are (Budget 2005) Increasing competition Enterprise promotion by minimising barriers to entry Research and development Skills and competence Investment decision These policies and measures can significant impacts on industry and organisation to achieve growth and development. Government strives to promote and protect its industry and community by making effective laws and policies. 2.3 Macroeconomics policy and influence of global economy Macroeconomics policy measures and control output, spending and income. Country national income provide basis for measuring the output, spending and income which helps to draw monetary and fiscal policy. Fiscal policy It has detrimental impact on consumer buying decision. Fiscal policy is used as tool to control government spending, demand level, output and taxation. A rise in income tax and NI will affect the income after tax and more they work and more they will pay tax and vice versa. A change in tax will affect pattern of demand of customer. Increase in duty will reduce the buying as in case of Cigarettes. Government subsidies are used to improve the production capacity and growth of industry to increase employment rate and government revenue. Monetary Policy of UK A monetary policy involves that the government changes the base rate to change the growth rate and aggregate demands. Monetary policy used as a measure to control inflation, interest rate and supply of money. In UK the monetary policy is managed by Bank of England that is responsible for controlling inflation, price stability and to provide growth and employment. Influence of global economy Globalisation and international trade has changed the direction of industry. Earlier organisation has to compete nationally, now it has to compete with international player and that has overall structure of industry. The ultimate benefit goes to the end users in terms of low prices due to competition. Globalisation has increased the level of uncertainty among domestic producer. Product development, marketing and prices are changing rapidly due to international trade. Government has put significant attention in drawing fiscal and monetary policy to cope with such uncertainties which could lead them to either inflation or recession. The economic decision about what to produce and how to produce and to whom to produce becomes a matter of judgement and need flexibility in it. 3.1 Market structure Market structures are as follow Perfect market Imperfect market Perfect market Wessels express in his books about the conditions that lead to a perfect competition market which are Extensive numbers of companies are operating in the market Many substitutes are available to customers Buyers knows the prices of every supplier to make rational decision Easy exits are available to companies In perfect market structure buyers can insert pressure on companies. Globalisation and international trade has changed the structure of industry all over the world. There are so many buyers and produces are available and high competition in the market. Imperfect market In imperfect market, there is few number of producer and hold significant power to insert pressure on consumer. In this structure, consumer has limited number of choices to buy product. Organisation can change the price and make high margin profit out of it. In imperfect market it has different types, Monopoly Mankiw (2006) states, A monopolist can impose the price of product. Customers have no other choice except the buying from the single producer. Consumer prefers to have perfect competition where there is large number of suppliers. It can change prices any time as it is a sole producer of product. Oligopoly Mankiw (2006), It is simplest form, in which there are few sellers in the market and producing, offering the same products which are very much identical in nature and durability. Monopolist competition Mankiw (2006), It is almost similar to the oligopoly, there are few seller in the market and producing the same product but in this products are not identical in nature. In this structure all firms are having monopoly in its particular products and competing with each other over same customer base. Duopoly It is simplest form of oligopoly, in this both producer coordinate with each other and decide the price and output and make changes accordingly. 3.2 market forces and organisation response Organisation is a separate entity and it is subject to influence of external environment. The market forces includes customer demand, change in taste of customer, each party holds some power to influence organisation decision. It can Supply and demand Economist focused on Supply and demand. These are main forces in the economy that make market works. Supply and demand determines the price and quantity to be produced. High demand lead to a rise in price, as company has to increase its capacity to meet the demand of market. The demand of commodity is influenced by customer taste, customer perception, income, price of related product, expectations of customers and quantity demanded. Elasticity The behaviour of demand and price has direct relationship with supply. A rise in demand will directly impact on relative decrease in supply and which lead the demand at par. Similarly a rise in demand will lead to relative rise in price. Customer perception and actions It has strong influence on buying and selling of product. A buyer is itself a seller. A buyer wants a product at low price and sells it at a high price and again the buyer or end user wants to buy product at low price. The buying behaviour strongly influenced the product price and product. In a perfect competition market its makes more competitive and lead to price war and heavy marketing activity. Monitory and fiscal policy Change in monetary and fiscal policies significantly impact organisation operations and its policies and which also lead to rise in product price. Response Supply for product A rise in demand put pressure on organisation to provide the required supply. Where organisation doesnt have spare capacity of production it will require a high investment in manufacturing. Economy of scale A certain rise in demand provides opportunity to achieve economy of scale by producing more products to meet the market demand and enjoy the benefit of economy of scale. Working capital A certain rise or fall in demand put pressure on organisation working capital. Organisation holding, transportation and storage costs are significantly influence by the rise or fall in demand. 3.3 Competitive Strategies Porter 1998 states that organisation prepares its strategy to distinct itself from its competitors to gain competitive advantage such strategies able an organisation to provide different set of values to its customers. According porter generic competitive strategies, Organisation can gain competitive advantage and it can outperform its competitor as being A low cost producer It involves producing goods at low cost, achieving economy of scale and cost cutting by lowering marketing, product development cost and responding to the market requirement. A differentiator Differentiation can be achieved by producing innovative product, increasing promotion and making brand image. A focus It involves dealing at lower level by identifying a niche market and producing product according to the requirement of specific market. Every company focus on achieving competitive advantage to outperform its competitor which often lead organisation to price war, heaving investment in promotions and pursuing wrong practices to capture market and gain growth. Role of Competition commission and regulatory bodies The role of competition commission is determined by stature, it is concerned with investigating and reporting on wrong practices. The main objective is to overcome incorrect practices of companies in gaining market share and making profits and forcing fair trading policies and anticompetitive practices. (Seven 2001) 4.1 Importance of International trade International trade and globalisation has brought significant advantages. This includes Balance of Payments International trade has allowed countries to improve their balance of payments. Lower production cost Production cost in developing countries is lower due to low labour cost, raw material as compare to UK, USA or European countries and international trade has allowed them to get advantage of lower production cost. Comparative advantage Some countries are specialised in producing product. Due to International trade and globalisation, countries are buying product from those countries that are specialised in producing product at lower cost. Such as India is providing outsourcing services to UK, USA, Australia, Canada etc. Non financial benefit International trade has brought non financial benefit to the countries such as it has lead countries to make strong political relations, understanding each other culture and work together. Indonesia, India, Pakistan, China has strong relationship with UK. Increase competition It has lead to increase competition in the market. Countries are getting benefits from high competition as it leads to low price product to capture market. 4.2 Impact of Two European Union Policies on UK business European Union has implemented different policies but the main two are World Trade Organisation (WTO) The main impact of European Union policies includes the introduction of free trade, world trade organisation, which has significantly affected the UK economy. Free trade has lead to increase competition in the European Union markets. Flow of migrant The major economic impacts of European policies are flow of migrant. It has lead to low skill labour to fill the gap in labour market. However significant flow of migration in UK has increased unemployment. (D2) Single owner Business International trade and global economy has brought significant competition in the market. There are many suppliers available to provide a long range of products and product substitutes are easily available. Those customers who prefer to buy less expensive product can easily get the products of their choice. The globalisation and international trade may have impacted the market at macro level but the small market is still safe to some extent. However at macro level, globalisation has strongly affected the GDP, which has put pressure on government monetary and fiscal policies to respond to those forces. 4.3 Economic Implication of Entry into EMU The economics of Europe has affected the market of its member and has brought significant changes in it. These includes Singly currency Euro is major currency in major parts of Europe which is used daily by 60% of Europe citizens. A single currency has minimised the exchange cost and eliminate exchange risk. Price Stability It has improved the price stability by keeping the interest rate and inflation rate at a low level. European Single Market Act The introduction of WTO, the goods will be traded freely between the euro zone has minimise the import duties and payments are being dealt in singly euro currency has minimise the cost of trading between different countries. (D3) Convergence into Europe EMU has introduced fine convergence criteria for members Inflation rate should not exceed 1.5%. Interest rate should not rise more than 2% Budget deficit should not exceed 3% of Gross Domestic product market price National debt should not exceed 60% of gross domestic product market price. Exchange rate should remain at normal ERM Bands for two years.

Elizabeth Fernea’s Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Vill

"You arrive at a village, and in this calm environment, one starts to hear echo." -- Yannick Noah The writings of various ethnographers and anthropologists are intended to inform and educate the reader by imparting awareness and understanding of unexplored cultures. The value of such a work is directly related to the author’s familiarity with the culture. For instance, an individual intimately acquainted with a situation have different insights, but also different biases than an outsider. Elizabeth Fernea’s work "Guests of the Sheik" is a combination of the two perspectives. It documents her immersion into the society and culture of El Nahra, a village in Iraq, during the first two years of her marriage to Bob, an anthropologist. Her honest and frank narrative provides a fascinating glimpse at the lives of the men and women living in the village and the relationship Elizabeth, affectionately referred to by the people of the village as Beeja, has with them. Elizabeth begins her journey apprehensively, but not without excitement. She takes many of her western ideas with her to El Nahra, but quickly discovers that in order to be accepted she must embrace the local customs. The practice of purdah, or the seclusion of women, is one with which she struggles immediately and often. Her preconceived notions regarding the veiling and seclusion of women seem to show that she regarded the practice as removing women from society. Upon her arrival, she realizes that, as the only woman without an abayah, she is a curiosity, and reluctantly changes her position on the garment, thinking â€Å"Well, it seemed I’d capitulated; I was going to wear that servile garment after all. I discovered that my principles were not as str... ...e women form a crucial part of this society, and are integral to its maintenance. In spite of her early hesitance and her preconceived notions of the status of women within this society, Elizabeth learns that every member has a place within the social hierarchy. While Elizabeth, or Beeja did not manage to change the society of El Nahra as she thought she might, she was given a place within it and granted respect from both the women and men of the society. Works Cited Fernea, Elizabeth. Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village. New York: Anchor Books, 1969. Joseph, Suad, â€Å"Gender and Relationality among Arab Families in Lebanon,† Feminist Studies 19:3 (1993): 465-486. Pierce, Leslie. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. London: Oxford University Press, 1993. The Holy Qur’an, Al-Ahzab 33:53.

Organizational Communication

Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests the major characteristics of the scientific management school are carefully developed chains of command and efficient division of labor† (p. 68). The netmba. com (2010) website, which cites Taylor (1911), suggests the following four major characteristics of the scientific management school: * Replace the rule-of-thumb work methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. * Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to rain themselves. Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically methods are being followed. * Divide work nearly evenly between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. (p. 1) The scientific method implication on communication is manifested in management controlling the chain of communication. Shockley-Zalabak (2009), who cites Faylor (1949), suggests â€Å"orders should come from only one superior and that a bypass of the chain of command would be a source of problems† (p. 9). I believe this suggest that communication is organized from the top down. In addition, I believe this communication method does not afford any input form subordinates or other stakeholders. I believe it assumes that management is always right and is the only source of solutions. Thereby, I believe subordinates are somewhat disenfranchised. Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, â€Å"The human behavior [school characteristics] assumes that work is accomplished through people and emphasizes cooperation, participation, satisfaction, and interpersonal skills† (p. 72). Therefore, I believe this theory encourages open, participatory communication between management and subordinates at all levels. In my organization, I believe our school based management and planning team utilizes this management style in making decisions. The worldbank. org (2007) website suggests school-based management â€Å"is the decentralization of authority from the central government to the school level† (p. 2). Our school based planning management team encourages cooperation, shared decision-making, and participation among all stakeholders, which are tenets of the human behavior theory. Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, integrated perspectives characteristics â€Å"attempt to explain how people, technologies, and environments integrate to influence all that happens in organizations† (p. 77-78). I believe this theory, as Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, affects â€Å"the effectiveness of communication [not only] within the organization, but also to how the organization communicates with its environment, its customers, and community† (p. 88). In my organization, technology is used to communicate real-time attendance, schedule, and grading data to parents and students through a system called SchoolMax. The K12progrms. com website suggests, SchoolMax is one of the most technologically advanced web-based student information systems available on the market today that addresses the broad needs of today's K-12 school districts with a fully integrated and feature rich solution for the management of student information. In final analysis, I suggest scientific method, human behavior, and integrated perspectives influence organizational communication. References http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079934475/547667-1145313948551/what_is_SBM.pdf Organizational Communication Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests the major characteristics of the scientific management school are carefully developed chains of command and efficient division of labor† (p. 68). The netmba. com (2010) website, which cites Taylor (1911), suggests the following four major characteristics of the scientific management school: * Replace the rule-of-thumb work methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. * Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to rain themselves. Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically methods are being followed. * Divide work nearly evenly between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. (p. 1) The scientific method implication on communication is manifested in management controlling the chain of communication. Shockley-Zalabak (2009), who cites Faylor (1949), suggests â€Å"orders should come from only one superior and that a bypass of the chain of command would be a source of problems† (p. 9). I believe this suggest that communication is organized from the top down. In addition, I believe this communication method does not afford any input form subordinates or other stakeholders. I believe it assumes that management is always right and is the only source of solutions. Thereby, I believe subordinates are somewhat disenfranchised. Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, â€Å"The human behavior [school characteristics] assumes that work is accomplished through people and emphasizes cooperation, participation, satisfaction, and interpersonal skills† (p. 72). Therefore, I believe this theory encourages open, participatory communication between management and subordinates at all levels. In my organization, I believe our school based management and planning team utilizes this management style in making decisions. The worldbank. org (2007) website suggests school-based management â€Å"is the decentralization of authority from the central government to the school level† (p. 2). Our school based planning management team encourages cooperation, shared decision-making, and participation among all stakeholders, which are tenets of the human behavior theory. Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, integrated perspectives characteristics â€Å"attempt to explain how people, technologies, and environments integrate to influence all that happens in organizations† (p. 77-78). I believe this theory, as Shockley-Zalabak (2009) suggests, affects â€Å"the effectiveness of communication [not only] within the organization, but also to how the organization communicates with its environment, its customers, and community† (p. 88). In my organization, technology is used to communicate real-time attendance, schedule, and grading data to parents and students through a system called SchoolMax. The K12progrms. com website suggests, SchoolMax is one of the most technologically advanced web-based student information systems available on the market today that addresses the broad needs of today's K-12 school districts with a fully integrated and feature rich solution for the management of student information. In final analysis, I suggest scientific method, human behavior, and integrated perspectives influence organizational communication. References http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079934475/547667-1145313948551/what_is_SBM.pdf